[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$f2jr04i5fm09ym":3,"$fy6oulildcg5h":12},{"slug":4,"title":5,"subtitle":6,"excerpt":7,"coverUrl":8,"publishedAt":9,"contentHtml":10,"substackUrl":11},"on-this-day-6-10-october","On This Day, 6 - 10 October","The Kingmaker & Henry VI, Isabella of Angoulême, and St Paulinus","6 OctoberOn this day in 1470, during the Wars of the Roses, Warwick “the Kingmaker” entered London and released the Lancastrian Henry VI from the Tower of London. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick","https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg","2026-10-05T13:03:43.000Z","\u003Ch2>\u003Cstrong>6 October\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>On this day in 1470, during the Wars of the Roses, Warwick “the Kingmaker” entered London and released the Lancastrian Henry VI from the Tower of London. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg\">\u003Cpicture>\u003Csource type=\"image\u002Fwebp\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg 424w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg 848w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg 1272w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg 1456w\">\u003C\u002Fsource>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!zHev!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Facd91e00-fffb-4d38-896e-f02afae652d6_960x1613.jpeg\" alt=\"\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Fpicture>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cfigcaption>Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Cp>A week earlier, the Yorkist Edward IV fled England into exile after being outmaneuvered by his enemies and betrayed by his allies… But why was Henry in the Tower in the first place? The war seemed lost (spoiler alert, this was only for the meantime) after the Battle of Towton; Henry spent four years on the run, and was captured in 1465. At that point, he was escorted by Warwick (at the time, he was York’s biggest supporter) to imprisonment in the Tower. We will dive into all of that in the springtime! \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For today though, the way had been cleared for Henry VI to retake the throne. On Warwick’s authority, Henry was led out of what had been his prison for the last 5 years, looking definitely worse for wear... Warkworth’s Chronicle says he was “not so cleanly kept as should seem such a prince”. He was restored to the throne of England, and later was paraded through London wearing his crown as a sign of having returned to the throne (spoiler: for now). Six months later, Warwick was dead at the Battle of Barnet, and shortly thereafter Henry was dead in the Tower. More on that when the time comes!\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>My takeaway from this is, can you imagine how Edward IV felt at this moment? The man who orchestrated his rise to the throne, the man who was eventually called the Kingmaker… he undid Edward’s kingship and put the old king back in the chair. I mean, Edward was sidelining Warwick left and right, so it’s not like this betrayal wasn’t deserved. Still, I feel like Edward probably felt untouchable, but then Warwick turned and changed everything.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr \u002F>\u003Ch2>\u003Cstrong>8 October\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>On this day in 1200, Isabella of Angoulême was crowned queen. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg\">\u003Cpicture>\u003Csource type=\"image\u002Fwebp\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg 424w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg 848w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg 1272w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg 1456w\">\u003C\u002Fsource>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!TOJP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff49a3902-9998-4c71-baf5-04b3280f204d_960x540.jpeg\" alt=\"\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Fpicture>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cfigcaption>Effigy of Queen Isabella of Angoulême, Fontevraud Abbey\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Cp>She was heiress in her own right to the county of Angoulême, an important territory in France. She was about 12, maybe younger (!!!). Here lies the real problem: Isabella was already betrothed to Hugh IX de Lusignan, a powerful lord in Poitou. This match would have created a very strong bloc smack in the middle of John’s continental lands. King John had just had his first marriage to Isabella of Gloucester annulled. So, he swept up this unavailable young girl and married her on 24 August, having her crowned at Westminster on 8 October.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Here’s the reason this really matters to history: this marriage was the catalyst to John losing Normandy. When John married Isabella of Angoulême, he didn’t compensate the Lusignans for stealing her. So, they appealed to John’s overlord for his French lands, King Philip II of France. Philip summoned his vassal to answer the charge, but John refused. Therefore, in 1202 Philip declared John’s French lands forfeit. By 1204, Normandy was officially lost when it fell to French forces. John & Isabella’s son, Henry III, ended up signing away England’s claim in 1259. Now, marrying Isabella wasn’t the only cause to all this, but it was definitely the trigger. And, Isabella’s story is far from over… more on that later!\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>My thing about this story is that Isabella of Angoulême was TWELVE and King John was THIRTY-THREE. She, like a vast majority of girls and women of this era, had no choice in who she married. Thus, I highly doubt she had any choice in breaking her contract to Hugh IX. It’s really sad to think of, that she really was just a pawn in a big political chess match.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr \u002F>\u003Ch2>10 October\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>On this day in 644, bishop and Roman missionary St Paulinus died at Rochester. He was buried at St Andrew’s at Rochester.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg\">\u003Cpicture>\u003Csource type=\"image\u002Fwebp\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg 424w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg 848w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg 1272w, https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg 1456w\">\u003C\u002Fsource>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsubstackcdn.com\u002Fimage\u002Ffetch\u002F$s_!DF_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\u002Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698ac4e6-2c11-48e0-b0f8-3eed81b1053e_960x640.jpeg\" alt=\"\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Fpicture>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cfigcaption>Stained glass window featuring St Paulinus of York, Rochester Cathedral.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Cp>Who was St Paulinus and why is he important? St Paulinus was a monk sent to Kent by Pope Gregory the Great in 601 in the second group of missionaries joining St Augustine. He spent more than 20 years there as a missionary. When the Christian daughter of the late King Æthelbert of Kent, Æthelburh, went north to marry the pagan King Edwin of Northumbria, it was with the stipulation that she could keep her faith and bring her churchmen with her. St Paulinus was consecrated as a bishop on 21 July 625 and went north as Aethelburh’s chaplain.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Jumping forward to Easter 626. An assassin from Wessex is sent to kill King Edwin, but the king is saved by one of his companions. At this point, Edwin promises to convert to Christianity if he beats Wessex. And he does beat Wessex! However, he hesitates… he gives up his pagan idols but won’t commit. Bede says he sat alone for long periods thinking it all over. Then, Pope Boniface V wrote to King Edwin and Queen Æthelburh, urging the king on and sending them gifts. Soon afterwards, something happens to end the king’s hesitation.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The story says that years earlier, while Edwin was an exile hiding at the court of the pagan King Raedwald of East Anglia, a stranger came to him at night. This stranger promised Edwin that he would become king and asked whether he would follow whoever showed him a better way. The sign would be a hand laid on his head. And would you believe it, Paulinus laid his hand on Edwin’s heads and asked, “Do you recognize this sign?”. Just wow. Obviously Edwin agreed to convert, but put it to his council. That full story will come around Eastertide. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>King Edwin was baptized by St Paulinus on Easter Day, 12 April 627, in a hastily built wooden church of St Peter, the origin ofYork Minster. St Paulinus later spent 36 days at the royal estate at Yeavering, teaching and baptizing crowds of people “from morning till evening” in the River Glen. Then he did the same thing in the River Swale near Catterick. One eyewitness said he did the same in the River Trent with King Edwin watching. Now, at this point in history, everyone in a country was generally expected to convert if the king converted, regardless of what religion he converted to or what religion the masses were. Generally they followed the king, even if there was no rule about it. So, I’m thinking these Northumbrians didn’t have much of a choice in their baptisms… I wonder how many were truly converted by St Paulinus and how many people’s hearts weren’t really in it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Coming next week, why was St Paulinus in Rochester when he died? Come back for a continuation of his story!\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr \u002F>\u003Ch2>What story from this week surprised you the most? Let me know what you think in the comments section! Also, please subscribe if you haven’t already!\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmegloveshistory.substack.com\u002Fp\u002Fon-this-day-6-10-october\u002Fcomments\">\u003Cspan>Leave a comment\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmegloveshistory.substack.com\u002Fsubscribe?\">\u003Cspan>Subscribe now\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmegloveshistory.substack.com\u002Fp\u002Fon-this-day-6-10-october?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share\">\u003Cspan>Share\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr \u002F>\u003Ch2>Sources\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Warwick brings Henry VI out of the Tower (6 October 1470)\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Warkworth’s Chronicle\u003C\u002Fem> (\u003Cem>A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth\u003C\u002Fem>), ed. J. O. Halliwell (Camden Society, 1839), pp. 5, 11.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>William Worcester, \u003Cem>Annales rerum Anglicarum\u003C\u002Fem> (Warwick escorting Henry to the Tower, 1465).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Michael Hicks, \u003Cem>Warwick the Kingmaker\u003C\u002Fem> (Blackwell, 1998).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Charles Ross, \u003Cem>Edward IV\u003C\u002Fem> (Eyre Methuen, 1974).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Bertram Wolffe, \u003Cem>Henry VI\u003C\u002Fem> (Eyre Methuen, 1981).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Dan Jones, \u003Cem>The Wars of the Roses\u003C\u002Fem> (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Image, once you’ve swapped it: \u003Cem>Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, after the Rous Roll (c.1483), from Henry Shaw, Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages (1843). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Ch3>Isabella of Angoulême crowned queen (8 October 1200)\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Nicholas Vincent, “Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezebel,” in S. D. Church (ed.), \u003Cem>King John: New Interpretations\u003C\u002Fem> (Boydell, 1999).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>W. L. Warren, \u003Cem>King John\u003C\u002Fem> (1961; Yale English Monarchs ed., 1997).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Image: \u003Cem>Effigy of Isabella of Angoulême, Church of Fontevraud Abbey. Photo by Adam Bishop, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F3.0\u002F\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\u002Fa>, via Wikimedia Commons.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Ch3>St Paulinus dies at Rochester (10 October 644)\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Bede, \u003Cem>Ecclesiastical History of the English People\u003C\u002Fem>, II.9–20 and III.14, trans. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Image: \u003Cem>St Paulinus of York, stained glass, Rochester Cathedral. Photo by John K Thorne, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>","https:\u002F\u002Fmegloveshistory.substack.com\u002Fp\u002Fon-this-day-6-10-october",{"persons":13,"places":14,"events":15,"institutions":16,"groups":17,"titles":18,"houses":19,"sources":20,"artifacts":21,"librarySections":22},2709,7446,1661,1781,1942,129,107,98,3,6596]